Saturday, August 31, 2019
Child Rearing Practices Essay
A relationship between a parent and a child begins the day the child is born. First, the child has many powerful gifts to offer to his parents. His unqualified love, absolute trust, emotions and thrill to discover revolves all around the parents from the day he is born. As the parent, you have many gifts to offer your child in return. Some are subtle, but all are very powerful. Giving them will make you a good parent. Receiving them will help your child become a healthy, happy, capable individual. Your unconditional love, self-esteem, values and traditions, joy, health, secure surroundings and skills will help your child grown into a healthy adult someday. Many parents know a lot more about parenting than they give themselves credit for. You spent years observing your own parents and other families. All your instinctive responses will help you be a giving parent. In today’s society things have become very complex when raising children. Sometimes parents benefit by education from pediatricians and other parents. They are concerned and interested in helping when issues may seem frustrating. As you receive advice remember that some is valuable but not all of it. One of the ways to protect your child is from advice that may not suit your need or family. You will know what is best for you and your child and what works! One of the ways your child shows you her love is by imitating you. This is also a way she learns how to behave, develop new skills, and take care of herself. From a very early age she watches you and shows this through her behavior. Your examples become permanent images, which will shape her attitude and actions the rest of her life. Setting a good example for your child means you must be responsible, loving, and consistent with her. Setting a good example also means taking care of yourself. As a parent, it is hard to lose sight of your needs. That’s a mistake! Your child depends on you to be physically and emotionally healthy. When you take care of yourself you are showing your child that you have self-esteem, which is important for the both of you. The healthier and happier you keep yourself, the better it will be for the both of you since your child ultimately patterns some of her habits after your own. A child needs to be shown that they are loved. Giving is more than just saying it. Your child doesn’t understand the words unless you show her. Show your child how much you care and love them by being affectionate and relaxed. Give plenty of physical contact such as hugging and kissing. Take time to show them by singing and playing. Listen to your child and watch as they respond to you. This will show your affection and make your child feel safe and secure. One of the skills you teach your child is to communicate. Her communication starts when she is just a baby and watches and listens to you. It is important to communicate with all family members since your child watches and listens to your interactions with others. You must express yourself and encourage your child to be open with you. Look to see if she has changes in her behavior that are affecting her negatively. The more sensitive and honest you are the more your child will feel comfortable with you and will have no problem communicating. As parents we realize that the journey of raising a child is the most wonderful and exciting time of our life. It will have many up and downs, times of joy and times of sadness. It is important that the responsibilities of parenthood become easier and a lot more fun. I hope a few of my recommendations will help you along your wonderful journey of parenthood!
Friday, August 30, 2019
Gary Klein and William Glasser Doctors Essay
Psychology, according to Webster’s Dictionary is the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity. This is a wide open field, with hundreds of theories and practices. It’s daunting to compare them and utilize their benefits to an individual. Psychologists based on patients needs have to decide what specific therapy would be advisable to use; some even develop they’re own therapy methods. Two such doctors, Gary Klein and William Glasser did just that; researched developed and put into fruition they’re own.            Gary Klein received his Ph.D. in experimental psychology from the University of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in l969. He was an Associate Professor of Psychology at Oakland University, California, from l970 to l974. Klein worked as a research psychologist for the United States Air Force from l974 to 1978. He is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, has written over seventy papers and authored several books.            Klein, is Chief Scientist of the Klein Association, a group he established in l978, â€Å"to understand how to improve decision making in individuals and teams.† He is one of the founder’s n the field of â€Å"naturalistic decision making.† Dr. Klein’s extensive work on recognition decision making includes the design of new systems and interfaces, and decision training programs. He has determined, through research that effective decision making is problem detection, option generation, and sense make planning and re-planning. He and his associates use CTA methods to study decision making in more than â€Å"60 domains, including firefighting, command and control, software troubleshooting,  healthcare, and consumer purchasing.†           Cognitive learning requires a different concept of the learning process. It depends profoundly on mental models, which is a â€Å"cluster of fundamental beliefs about how things happen.†We need to â€Å"revise our belief system as experience shows the inadequacy of our current ways of thinking,†Dr. Klein states (iscram.org).            Klein’s books detail his theories and highlight his research projects, they also provide the tools needed for individuals to practice competent decision making. His most popular book is the â€Å"Source of Power,†published in l999. This book discusses the theory Dr. Klein and his associates developed called, â€Å"naturalistic decision-making.†It essentially lends validity of scientific research to techniques that most of us use every day; intuition, â€Å"which is based on the rapid (perhaps even subconscious) interpretation of perceptual cues;†there’s mental simulation, â€Å"a finely honed method of visualization,†storytelling, and metaphor, which â€Å"enable decision -makers to devise meaningful frameworks and compare present situations to previous events.†Dr. Klein tells us that no one is born with an inherent â€Å"mastery†of these techniques, but we are all born with the â€Å"capability†to develop them through experience. His book titled â€Å"Working Minds: A Practitioner’s Guide to Cognitive Task Analysis, in 2006, co-authored with Beth Cramdall and Robert Hoffman, depicts how to collect data about cognitive processes and events; how to analyze CTA, and communicate findings.            â€Å"The Power of Intuition,†written in 2004 demonstrates that the expertise to recognize patterns and other cues that enables us, intuitively – to make right decisions, is a natural extension of experience. Klien defines a three tiered process called the â€Å"Exceleration Program.† Readers are provided with the tools needed to help make â€Å"tough choices, notice potential problems, manage uncertainty, and size up situations quickly.†He professes how to communicate these decisions more effectively, how to coach others in the â€Å"art of intuition,†and recognize an â€Å"over dependence†on information technology (librarything.com).            Dr. Klein is most known for his theory of Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) the movement originated at a conference in Dayton, Ohio in l989, which resulted in a book with Caroline Zsambok, aptly titled â€Å"Naturalistic Decision Making,†in l996. This book describes in detail there theory, and also put it in simple layman’s words; â€Å"naturalistic decision making, (NDW) is the way people use their experiences to make decisions.†           The Naturalistic Decision Making framework focuses on cognitive functions, such as decision making, sensemaking, situational awareness, planning – which emerge in natural settings and take forms that are not easily replicated in the laboratory; basically real life situations and observations are used. NDM s components show experts how to make decisions in the real world using descriptive methods, stresses, and time pressures. Other related research areas include; behavioral decision theory, judgment decision making and organizational decision making (2).            The forms of NDM are: Recognition primed decision making. Related theories methods: critical decision method, exploration based theory, and image theory. NDM and teams are the most used aspect of this theory, based on studying teams in their natural environment – real teams performing real tasks in real settings. Also, contextual focus as opposed to more general and abstract (9). To break NDM down to the core, it is a method of making decision’s using real situations, not hypotheses.     Work Cited everything2com. â€Å"William Glasser.†2 Mar 2002. 1 May 2008 http://everything2.com/            e2node/William%2520Glasser Glasser,William. â€Å"The Glasser Approach.†The William Glasser Insitute. 1 May 2008            http://wglasser.com iscram.org. â€Å"Gary Klein.† ISCRAM Community.  28 Nov 2007. 30 April 2008. http://            www.iscram.org/index.php?option=content&tast=view&id=1984&Itemid=2 librarything.com. â€Å"Descriptions.† Library Thing. 1 May 2008 http://www.librarything.            com/work/61019/descriptions/ ocw.mit.edu. â€Å"Naturalistic Decision Making.†2 May 2008. http://ocw.mit.edu
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Attitude Legislation And Litigation Education Essay
Attitude Legislation And Litigation Education Essay Provision of education in the current world has been faced with many challenges especially regarding the equality issues in the society. This paper addresses the social implications of attitude, legislation and litigation on the lives of students with disabilities. Introduction Over the years, disabled people in the society have been forced to live with many challenges regarding their disabled status. Disabled people have several problems in terms of movement, education and many other social activities as they are not able to participate and be able to be involved in these activities. The education sector has not been left out as the disabled students are faced with many challenges in learning compared to their fellow students who are not disabled. The society has been forced to come up with ways in which the disabled can be given preferential treatment and services compared to the other members of the society through introduction of legislation and mitigations to govern the educati on of the disabled. For the past years, the services given to people with disability especially in the education sector have been ineffective as a result of several reasons that cause poor service delivery to the disabled in the special education sector. Financial issue has been a major hindrance in provision of services in the special education sector as there have been issues of fewer funds allocated to this sector. There is also a problem regarding logistics as the assistance and services offered by several agencies require a lot of effort for them to act and give the necessary help needed (Gordon, 2004 p.72-89). The attitude of people towards people with disabilities has several impacts on the lives of the people living with disabilities. The disabled have been forced to live with the impacts of negative social attitude towards them and a further social stigma apart from the larger problem they are facing regarding their mental or physical impediments as a result of their disabi lity. The negative attitude towards people with disabilities can be seen through social rejection of disabled people by the society members a vice that is present across several cultures. People with disabilities have several more needs than that of a normal person and therefore there is development of a notion in the society that people with disabilities are a burden to the society. This factor helps nature the negative attitude towards people with disabilities in the society. This negative attitude impacts negatively on the lives of students with disabilities as it makes them see themselves as a burden to the society from their many needs and furthers the social stigma these students are faced with a factor that impacts negatively on their education. Attitude towards people with disability has been negatively displayed through several cultures that see mental retardation as souls that are possessed by evil spirits or punished by God and hence require religious interventions or exo rcism. Such attitudes vested in the minds of people impacts negatively on their attitude towards the disabled as they are forced to see the disabled as less human beings and further the social stigma faced by people with disability (Gordon, 2004 p.72-89)
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Terrorism Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Terrorism Influence - Essay Example Terrorism is not a new term. It has been using since the time the human history is known. However, different organizations describe terrorism differently. The Department of Defense of US defines terrorism as any act which includes the use of violence or threat to use violence which is unlawful in order to cause fear or to coerce governments or societies to achieve their ideological, religious or political objectives.United Nations defined terrorism in 1992 as a method which inspires to perform the violent actions repeatedly by any organization, group or even by an individual for any personal political or criminal purposes. Another main aspect of terrorism identified in this definition is that the direct targets of the violence are not usually the main targets of such violence. But the main target is the government, organization or general public who got threatened by such acts. The definition describes all such violent acts as terrorism which causes a fear or threat in the society to achieve specific objectives. So in simple words, terrorism may be defined as the acts of inducing fear in public with the intention of achieving intended goals and objectives. CAUSES OF TERRORISM: There are many reasons for which terrorism occur. In order to devise anti-terrorism strategies, it is necessary to understand those reasons. 1. The main cause which induces the terrorists to execute terrorist activities is their dissatisfaction with social, political or government policies. The terrorist groups adopt the means which may cause violence and fear to the government and the society to change the existing position of the world and bring it into the position in which that group intended it to be. 2. Sometimes, the intended motive of the terrorists is to maximize the harshness and the time period of the fear and the psychological impact on the general public. In such a case, terrorist activities are done at public places such as busy roads, markets and public sites to affect huge population and cause great damages to the society which sometimes induces the government to accept terrorists’ demands. 3. Another reason of the terrorism is the oppression imposed upon such groups which actuated them to take steps for self-defense including armed struggle and using destructive weapons. In such a situation, a group that seems terrorist to a person may be a freedom fighter for some other person. Such groups do not think that they are performing evil acts. They believe that they are combatants fighting for their legitimate goal. AMERICAN REVOLUTION: American Revolution took place in the 18th century when thirteen colonies of North America united to get themselves free from the British Empire and named themselves as United States of America. However, the revolution was based on an ideological movement that highlighted the basic rights of Native Americans. These states rejected the authority of Great Britain Parliament and expelled royal officials. The British E mpire sent combat troops to impose their direct rule over these colonies but the states defended resulting in American Revolutionary War in 1775. The war ended in 1783 with the Peace Treaty of Paris. The British call the American Revolution a series of terrorism acts. Zalman, A (2012) explained that the event of Boston Tea Party which had roots in the American Revolution was considered by the British as terrorists act. The event took place in December 1773 when 150 men entered into the three ships which were ready to take tea to other British colonies. They dumped all the 342 boxes of tea in the harbor. On the other hand, the event is termed as a reaction against the unjustified British tax law imposed upon Americans. The Americans called the revolutionists such as George Washington, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson their heroes and freedom fighters who worked tirelessly for independence as mentioned on the official website of The American Revolution Organization. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION EFFECTS ON TERRORISM IN EUROPE: Russian Revolution took
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Leadership Skills Through the Interaction With the Student Community Essay
Leadership Skills Through the Interaction With the Student Community - Essay Example One thing that set me apart from the rest is the unique ability to integrate with people of different cultures, ages, and social settings. As a vice president of the student council of Boston University, I have learned to interact with students, lecturers and the community through forums supported by the student council. The student council has so many functions and interactive forums that have exposed me to different cultural, ethnic, religious, and social relationships. As a student leader, I have been instrumental in ensuring that the diversity within the participants does not compromise the unity but rather become a source of profound knowledge and understanding for all students. I have also allowed myself to learn leadership values through the various challenges of the position. One of my duties as a leader was to promote unity and raise the spirit of the school by organizing various school events. One of the tasks involved setting a theme for each day of a week and do something creative and unique for the day. For instance, if Monday is "purple day", then all students should dress in purple. I discovered that students from the State and European countries were relatively open-minded, and they suggested ideas that were more controversial. Religious-oriented students would suggest a â€Å"God wearing day†where students would imaginatively dress like God. Pagans, however, disliked this idea. Having worked with such different personalities has taught me so many things particularly ineffective leadership. However, the same has not made me relent on my personal beliefs. Indeed, I have enriched my beliefs and leadership skills through interaction with the student community.
Monday, August 26, 2019
Data Privacy and Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Data Privacy and Security - Research Paper Example However, at the present computer security has become a very critical issue. Additionally, security refers to the technique to discover as well as stop illicit utilization of our secret information or computer. In this scenario, some preventive measures enable us to stop criminal users (as well known as "intruders") from accessing and using some part of our computer system. In addition, recognition of such intrusion helps us in deciding whether or not somebody tried to interrupt into our computer system, if they were successful in their attempt, as well as what they could have acquired from the system (ComputerSecurityService, 2011), (Armor2net Software Ltd., 2004) and (Norton, 2001). Moreover, the term â€Å"computer security†is very commonly used, though; the information and data saved on a computer are in danger to few risks unless the computer is connected to other systems using a network. In view of the fact that the use of computer networks, particularly the Internet (la rgest network of the networks), has turned out to be persistent, the thought of computer security system has extended to point out problems covered in the way of networked use of computers and their information and data resources (Kinkus, 2002). This outlines the important points and vital aspects of computers security. This paper will cover the answers to various questions such as how can viruses contaminate computers, how computer systems are hacked by people, how to keep computers secure from online predators. Why Protection? In case of computer systems and information technology, integrity, privacy, and legality are considered as the most frightening factors for a computer user. For the daily internet users, the security and privacy of computer are considered as the most vital area of computer security. However, when the users registering themselves with any internet service or a website they can suffer from having nothing to keep secret, security on the internet is concerning s aving someone's data and information, yet if the information does not appear crucial. Because of this the simplicity by which information in electronic arrangement is capable to be utilized between enterprises as well as since small pieces of related information from different sources could simply be linked jointly to shape a composite of, for instance, any personal information searching behavior it is at the current tremendously significant that individuals are accomplished to sustain influence over what information is gathered concerning them, how it is engaged who is authorized to utilize it, and for which reason it is used (Kinkus, 2002) and (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005) . Computer Virus Computer virus or simply bug is a type of software application or program that is developed to copy itself as well as extend to further machines. In most scenarios, the application is "malicious†, which outlines it is designed to cause the computer malfunction in different ways. Howev er, in many cases, the term "computer virus" encompasses all the types of "malware," or malicious software. In place of sniffles and a fever, a number of widespread signs of a computer viral infection include data and information loss, sluggish performance and the sometime system stops working that makes the people with the machine feel ill.Â
QUALITY ASSURANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
QUALITY ASSURANCE - Essay Example Therefore, the management of RWDi decided to appoint a management consultant in order to identify the main reasons for declining sales along with the loss of customers. According to the observation of the consultant, it has been notified that the organisation has never adopted any sort of marketing orientation programme in order to understand consumers’ needs and preferences. In accordance with the consultant’s report, the management of RWDi took certain imperative initiatives such as deliverance of quality training for all of its staff for the purpose of mitigating its vulnerable business situation. With this concern, the report intends to discuss the concept of quality along with total quality and identification of hard as well as soft problems faced by RWDi. Moreover, certain effective solutions and proper evaluation regarding the improvement of RWDIs’ vulnerable situation will also be depicted in the report. 2.0 Concept of Quality and Total Quality Quality Th e perception of quality is typically regarded to be one of the major and wide-ranging concepts that ensure to offer superior value of products or services according to the needs and preferences of the consumers. ... liverance of quality products is regarded to be one of the vital elements that raise productivity which, in turn, leads towards generating greater revenue. Moreover, the efficiency of offering quality products can also augment employment opportunities as well as technological advancement to a significant extent (Beckford, 2009). Total Quality Management The idea of Total Quality Management (TQM) can be defined as the level of optimisation and amalgamation of all business activities and processes that facilitate the organisations to comply with the anticipation of their customers (University of Liverpool, n.d.). It is fundamentally viewed to be an effective approach that supports an organisation to enlarge their customer base levels, motivate the workers, maximise revenues as well as minimise costs. An effective practice of TQM is considerably focused on promoting customer’s needs and demands at large. With this regard, it is quite essential for an organisation to identify and understand the needs and desires of the customers in terms of offering quality products or services with the intention of accomplishing its expected business goals (The University of Groningen, 2007). 2.1 Problems Hard Problems According to the case of RWDi, it can be identified that the organisation overlooked the utilisation of marketing orientation programmes for its products, which can be considered as one of the major or hard problems of the organisation. Moreover, lack of implementing TQM programmes can further be considered as another hard problem for RWDi. Soft Problems From the perspective of identifying the soft problems of RWDi, it has been observed that the sales of the organisation were declined and lost valuable customers due to the aforementioned major or hard problems. 3.0
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Practice report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Practice report - Coursework Example The paper is an analysis of the issue of managing across cultures for the benefit of an organization. Cross cultural management is a very important in the daily operations of any organization that is situated in a multicultural environment. Understanding different cultures and appreciating their differences is essential in determining how people within the organization are going to interact with each other and with other people outside the organization. Proper cross cultural management ensures that there is understanding in and out of the organization (Tjosvold and Leung, 2003). This helps create conducive working environment, which eventually translates into better returns for the company. In this paper, I will look at different sources that have information about cross- cultural management and communication. I will analyze all the sources, and pick two which are most relevant to my area of research. Currency: it is not clear how recent the information is. However, it is indicated at the bottom of the article that the webpage was last updated on 22nd November, 2010. the information seems to be up to date with the requirements of my topic. Reliability: The information in this article is basically about what cross cultural communication is all about, its global rise and its incorporation into educational organizations. The content appears to be well balanced. The author does provide some references for his article. This adds to the reliability of the content. Authority : No one is indicated to be the author of the article, but Wikipedia may be regarded as its owner. Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia that can be accessed free of charge by anyone. Wikipedia is not a very reputable source since nothing is known of the credentials of the author. The publisher (Wikipedia) does not have any interest in the content of the article. There are no
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Impact of work life imbalance on the productivity of workers in Saudi Essay - 7
Impact of work life imbalance on the productivity of workers in Saudi public sector - Essay Example Secondly, Dr Claire Armstrong, my supervisor, whose guidance, academic and professional commitments allowed me to overcome the obstacles. In addition, I would note the name of Dr. Christine Cross who is my course leader. With his supervision and assistance, I was able to develop a broader vision to develop my understanding. Also, I would like to thank my parents and family who supported me throughout my working period. Finally, friends who have been there to stay motivated and perform well even under pressure. It is to invite you to participate in the study that is conducted to determine the impacts of work life imbalance on the productivity of workers in Saudi. The main purpose of this study is to determine the impacts of work imbalances and its influences on the performance of the workers in the region. It shall investigate how the workplace affects the performance of employees. The participants that were selected for the project were mainly the workers in the different public sectors(Baisai & Madondo, 2013). However, your participation shall be greatly appreciated; it is up to you to participate in the
Friday, August 23, 2019
Physician Assistant Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Physician Assistant Profession - Essay Example Specialties such as cardiovascular, neonatology, and emergency medicine may fall outside the scope of the core training program. Typically, responsibility for training a PA to work in these areas falls on Masters levels programs or the physician that was practicing with the PA. While the system has relied on the talent and dedication of the members of the profession to assure an adequate level of training, there has been no formal certification process for working in these areas. The rapidly changing and evolving profession has reached a point where certification makes good sense. It is good for the physicians, the career PAs, and most importantly it is a benefit to the public and the health care patients that seek care from a PA in a specialty environment. PAs are trained and work under the close supervision of a physician and in this arrangement the physician is dependent upon a qualified assistant. Currently, the National Commission on Certification of Physicians Assistants (NCCPA) is the governing board that is responsible for the quality certification of PAs. In a speech of May 2006 Randy D. Danielsen, the Chairman of the NCCPA said, "Changes in the larger health care delivery system may be adversely affecting the teaching and mentoring that should be taking place between PAs and their supervising physicians...". The NCCPA Chairman called for specialty certification at that time. When training suffers the working arrangement between the physician and the PA is negatively affected. With specialty standards and a certification process, the physician could be more confident that the PA will have the background necessary to work in tomorrow's health care system. The PA may have the most to gain from a specialty certification process. A certificate of compliance can be readily recognized as an assurance that the PA is qualified to work in a given specialty. Indeed, many larger organizations have indicated the need for certification other that the NCCPA certification to demonstrate the PAs competence in a specialty or subspecialty. The current certification process may be limiting the career advancement of qualified PAs simply because of a lack of a certification process. According to the American Academy of Physicians Assistants (AAPA) this could lead to more opportunities for employment, greater chance of advancement, higher pay, and a more secure position within the specialty ("Flexibility as a Hallmark"). Specialty certification will enhance the career path of the PA within the framework of modern health care. Critics will point out that the certification requirements may limit the flexibility of PAs in the delivery of care. The AAPA has cited as an example that, "...a PA working in adult cardiology might not be able to moonlight in urgent care..." ("Flexibility as a Hallmark"). The Academy is further concerned that the added cost of formal specialty and subspecialty training and certification may be impractical as well as being time consuming and possibly unavailable. These are valid concerns and it is incumbent upon the NCCPA to address these important issues when structuring a specialty certification program. The ultimate goal of health care is to benefit the patient. Indeed, PAs have been instrumental in bringing quality treatment to the public at an affordable cost. In a study by Hooker, Potts, and Ray it
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Government is the monopoly of legitimate use of physical power†Essay Example for Free
Government is the monopoly of legitimate use of physical power†Essay Functions of the Ruling Officer: * Promote interest and welfare of the people * For the benefit of the governed * Protection of the inhabitants * Administration of justice * Advancement of the physical, economical, social and cultural well- being of the people * Preservation of the state from danger (internal external) Ideal Qualities of Governing Politician: * Shall have the brains and ability * Political maturity * Experience â€Å"In order to govern people he does not know or understand, he ought to possess the talent of a genius and extraordinary knowledge. †* Jose Rizal â€Å"The government who fulfils the satisfaction of human expectation is good. The Government that DOES NOT serve the needs of the people but governs to protect the interest and welfare of a few at the expense of many is not good.†* Zulueta â€Å" Government is the monopoly of legitimate use of physical power†* Max Weber * The government is committed to promote: * general welfare, * morals, * intelligence, * social justice * Ultimate happiness Rizal on the Family * Family- the basic and oldest social institution, a very important factor in shaping the character of a child. Family determines: * Child’s social class * Religious orientation * Language * Upbringing of the children Children are Expected to be: * Loyal * Obedient Parents’ Legacies to children: * Rectitude of judgement * Generosity of rights * Steadfastness in adversity â€Å" The greatest honour that a son can pay his parents is integrity and a good name.†Rizal on Livelihood * Rizal vehemently objected Carl Marx’s Communist ideology. * He regarded livelihood as the government’s focal points to alleviate poverty Communism * ideology referring to the equal distribution of wealth. * The government scoops up all the wealth and distributes them evenly or as needed. Means of having a viable livelihood program: * Equal land ownership * Regulation of capital * Government buys from landlords and place it on workers â€Å"Regulation of Capital†was essential to combat the ill effects of capitalism. Each person’s wealth is based on his own personal production. Rizal on Justice â€Å" Justice is a constant and perpetual will to allot to every man what he is due.†Twin ideals of Justice System * Swiftness- occurrence of a speedy trial * Fairness- justice itself â€Å"Justice delayed is justice denied.†No person shall be deprived of life, liberty and property without due process of law.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Transformative Learning Theory and Multiple Intelligences Essay Example for Free
Transformative Learning Theory and Multiple Intelligences Essay This writer reflection paper is about transformative learning theory and multiple intelligences. Sunny Cooper (2004) stated that â€Å"the study of transformational learning emerged with the work of Jack Mezirow (1981, 1994, 1997). Transformational learning is defined as learning that induces more far-reaching change in the learner than other kinds of learning, especially learning experiences which shape the learner and produce a significant impact, or paradigm shift, which affects the learners subsequent experiences†(para. 2). Cooper and Wallace (2004) stated that â€Å"transformational learning was reviewed in four areas: (1) theories of transformational learning, (2) roles of participants in transformative programs, including students and instructors, (3) course content, environments and instructional activities as they relate to transformational learning, and (4) challenges for instructors who teach transformational material†(para. 1). According to Armstrong (2009), â€Å"the theory of multiple intelligences was developed in 1983 by Dr. Howard Gardner, professor of education at Harvard University. It suggests that the traditional notion of intelligence, based on I.Q. testing, is far too limited. Dr. Gardner proposes eight different intelligences to account for a broader range of human potential in children and adults. These eight intelligences are: Linguistic, Logical Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Naturalist†(para. 1). According to Wallace, she described Transformative Learning Theory as a adult education based theory that suggests ways in which adults make meaning of their lives. It looks at â€Å"deep learning,†not just content or process learning, as critical as those both are for many kinds of learning, and examines what it takes for adults to move from a limited knowledge of knowing what they know without questioning (usually from their cultures, families, organizations and society). It looks at what mechanisms are required for adults to identify, assess and evaluate alternative sources of information, often sources that may looks at how adults can identify, assess and evaluate new information, and in some cases, reframe their world-view through the incorporation of new knowledge or information into their world-view or belief system. According to Mezirow (1991), the roles of participants in transformative programs, including students and instructors. The educators must help learners become aware and critical of their own and others assumptions. Learners need practice in recognizing frames of reference and using their imaginations to redefine problems from a different perspective (p. 11). According to Mezirow (1991), course content, environments and instructional activities help the students relate to transformational learning. The key idea is to help the learners actively engage the concepts presented in the context of their own lives and collectively critically assess the justification of new knowledge. According to Columbia University, the challenges for instructors who teach transformational material is very important because transformational teaching goal is to create independent, self directed, self-motivated learners who are capable of critiquing and directing their own work, who are open to alternative vie wpoints, and who have strongly developed higher order thinking skills (para 1). During the fifth week in class, this writer made up a question asking â€Å"In order to practice and teach transformative learning the instructor must experience transformative learning†The answer is True. This writer found one college on the Wed Site that teach instructor transformational learning. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/tat/pdfs/Transformational%20Teaching.pdf (Teacher Center located at the Columbia University in the city of New York. According to Armstrong (2009), Gardner, described the eight multiple intelligences theory in detail below and they are: 1. Linguistic Intelligence: the capacity to use language to express whats on your mind and to understand other people. Any kind of writer, orator, speaker, lawyer, or other person for whom language is an important stock in trade has great linguistic intelligence. Writers, poets, lawyers and speakers are among those that Howard Gardner sees as having high linguistic intelligence. 2. Logical/Mathematical Intelligence: the capacity to understand the underlying principles of some kind of causal system, the way a scientist or a logician does; or to manipulate numbers, quantities, and operations, the way a mathematician does. . In Howard Gardners words, it entails the ability to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically. This intelligence is most often associated with scientific and mathematical thinking. 3. Musical Rhythmic Intelligence: the capacity to think in music; to be able to hear patterns, recognize them, and perhaps manipulate them. People who have strong musical intelligence dont just remember music easily, they cant get it out of their minds, its so omnipresen. According to Howard Gardner musical intelligence runs in an almost structural parallel to linguistic intelligence. 4. Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence: the capacity to use your whole body or parts of your body (your hands, your fingers, your arms) to solve a problem, make something, or put on some kind of production. The most evident examples are people in athletics or the performing arts, particularly dancing or acting. Howard Gardner sees mental and physical activity as related. 5. Spatial Intelligence: the ability to represent the spatial world internally in your mind the way a sailor or airplane pilot navigates the large spatial world, or the way a chess player or sculptor represents a more circumscribed spatial world. Spatial intelligence can be used in the arts or in the sciences. 6. Naturalist Intelligence: the ability to discriminate among living things (plants, animals) and sensitivity to other features of the natural world (clouds, rock configurations). This ability was clearly of value in our evolutionary past as hunters, gatherers, and farmers; it continues to be central in such roles as botanist or chef. 7. Intrapersonal Intelligence: having an understanding of yourself; knowing who you are, what you can do, what you want to do, how you react to things, which things to avoid, and which things to gravitate toward. We are drawn to people who have a good understanding of themselves. They tend to know what they can and cant do, and to know where to go if they need help. 8. Interpersonal Intelligence: the ability to understand other people. Its an ability we all need, but is especially important for teachers, clinicians, salespersons, or politicians -anybody who deals with other people. During my teenage years, this writer assumed that people were born with special brains, special brains cells or special pysch power to out perform other people normal ability with in the eight multiple intelligences group. According to Gardner, he stated that it true that some people possesses all eight intelligences and can develop all eight to a reasonable level of competence. This writer knowledge from the class discussions and assigned reading on multiple intelligences had enhance my understanding why some people exciled more in one or all of the multiple intelligence group. This writer no longer feels insecure to other people with a higher intelligence then mine. This writer multiple intelligence is the naturalist intelligence because I enjoy planting flowers in the garden and growing variety of vegetable in the garden. During the sixth week in class, this writer made up a question asking â€Å"Why did Dr. Howard Gardner introduce the multiple intelliences theory?†This writer answer was â€Å"Dr. Howard Gardner introduced the theory of multiple intelligences in his classic book, Frames of Mind in 1983. In this scholarly work Dr. Gardner provided extensive support for his proposition that there is more to intelligence than what shows up on an IQ score. Based on a unique definition of intelligence and eight criteria, he carefully describes how a broad array of evidence supports the powerful idea that the human mind possesses at least seven distinct forms of intelligence. In 1996 he added the eighth intelligence to the list, Naturalist, in recognition that the understanding of living things is not sufficiently covered by the original se ven intelligences. http://www.miresearch.org/mi_theory.html this web site gives you more in-depth detail about Dr. Howard Gardner and his eight multiple intelligences theory. According to Mezirow (1991) Transformative Learning Theory provides a structure and process through which to better understand adult growth and development. Early theorists including Jean Piaget and Maria Montessori, developed very thorough theories about childhood development and for years few scholars probed how adults learn and make meaning of their lives. Mezirow (1991) study on women returning to school as adults, discovered much of what we now know as Transformative Learning Theory, a theory that started with Mezirow and has been greatly enriched by many others. This writer is a transformative learning because I am a female adult over fifth years old and it is hard trying to re-train my brain to retain new information. The instructors and other staff members at Spring Arbor University helped developed my â€Å"frame of reference†by motivating me to enhance my mind by learning new information. According to Jack Mezirow (1991) the â€Å"frame of reference is defined as â€Å" Adults have acquired a coherent body of experience associations, concepts, values, feelings, conditioned response called frames of reference that define a person life world. Frames of reference are the structures of assumptions through which a person understand the experiences. A frame of reference encompasses cognitive, co-native, and emotional components, and is composed of two dimensions, habits of mind and a point of view†(p. 5). References Cooper, Sunny., (2004). Theories of Learning in Educational Psychology: Jack Mezirow Transformational Theory. Retrieved December 14, 2012, http://www.lifecircles-inc.com/Learningtheories/humanist/mezirow.html Mezirow, Jack, (1991). Article called Transformative learning: Theory to practice (pp. 5- 11). Retrieved December 12, 2012 and Web Sit http://www.lifecircles- inc.com/Learningtheories/humanist/mezirow.html Smith, Mark K. (2002, 2008). Howard Gardner and multiple intelligences, the encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved December 14, 2012, http://www.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm. Wallace, Scott., (no year). Transformative learning Theory. Retrieved December 14, 2012., http://transformativelearningtheory.com/
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Benefits of Different Oxygen Levels Administered in ICU
Benefits of Different Oxygen Levels Administered in ICU ABSTRACT: There have been numerous studies conducted to identify the benefits of different oxygen levels administered in ICU (Intensive Care Unit) patients. However, the studies do not reveal a definitive conclusion. The proposed systematic review plans to identify if either conventional or conservative oxygen therapy methods is more constructive in critically ill adult patients who are admitted in ICU. BACKGROUND Oxygen therapy is a treatment that provides oxygen gas to aid breathing when it is difficult to respire and became a common form of treatment by 1917. (Macintosh et.al 1999). It is expended for both acute and chronic cases and can be implemented according to the needs of the patient either in hospital, pre-hospital or entirely out of hospital based on their medical professionals opinions. It was established as the most efficient and safest medicines required by the health system by World Health Organisation (WHO). PaO2 has become the guideline test for finding out the oxygen levels in blood. And by the 1980s, pulse oximetry method which measures arterial oxygen saturation was also progressively used alongside PaO2 (David 2013). The chief benefits of oxygen therapy comprise slowing the progression of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, emotional status, cognitive function and improvements in sleep (Zielinski 1998). In UK, according to the national audit data about 34% of ambulance journey s involve oxygen use at some point while 18% of hospital inpatients will be treated with oxygen at any time (Lo EH 2003). In spite of the benefits of this treatment, there have been instances where oxygen therapy can negatively impact a patients condition. The most commonly recommended amount of saturation for oxygen intake is about 94-98%, and saturation levels of about of 88-92% are preferred for those at risk of carbon dioxide retention (BMA 2015). According to standard ICU practice, the conservative method denotes that patients receive oxygen therapy to maintain PaO2 between 70 and 100 mm Hg or arterial haemoglobin saturation between 94-98% while conventional method allow PaO2 values to rise up to 150 mm Hg or SpO2 values between 97% and 100% (Massimo et al. 2016).There are also low flow systems where the delivered oxygen is at 100% and has flow rates lower than the patients inspiratory flowrate ( i.e., the delivered oxygen is diluted with room air) and, hence the Fraction of Inspired Oxygen(FIO2) may be low or high. However, this depends on the particular device and the patients inspiratory flowrate. AIM To investigate and conclude whether the use of a strict protocol for conservative oxygen supplementation would help to improve outcomes, while maintaining PaO2 within physiologic limits among critically ill patients. RESEARCH QUESTION A well- defined, structured and exclusive research question will lead as a guide in making meticulous decisions about study design and population and consequently what data can be collected and used for analysis.(Brian, 2006) The early process of research for finding the research questions is a challenging task as the scope of the problem is bound to be broad. Significant time and care is needed to polish, extract and compare the information required from the vast sea of information (Considine 2015) .If a proper and specific research question is not formed, the whole process will be useless (Fineout-Overholt 2005). The fundamental success of any research project is attributed in establishing a clear and answerable research project that is updated with a complete and systematic review of the literature, as outlined in this paper. A PICO framework is a universally used framework used to develop a robust and answerable research question which is also a useful framework for assuring the quality or for evaluating projects. PICO stands for Problem / Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome. The research question presented in this paper is to identify whether conventional or conservative oxygen therapy methods is more beneficial among critically ill adult patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit. LITERATURE REVIEW The literature has focused on the effect of conservative and conventional oxygen therapy methods on mortality among patients in an Intensive Care Unit. Although there have been several studies to analyse which of the two methods is more beneficial to critically ill patients, a definitive study which determines the mortality rate among the different categories needs to be analysed and investigated for its benefit. Different devices used to administer Oxygen: Nasal cannula provides about 24-40% oxygen and flow rates up to 6L/min in adults (Fulmer JD 1984). A basic oxygen mask delivers about 35-50% FIO2 and can have flow rates from 5-10L/min depending on the fit and requirement of flow rate. The other respiratory aiding device is a partial rebreathing mask which has an additional reservoir bag with it which is also classified as a low flow system with flow rate of 6-10L/min and delivers about 40-60% oxygen. The non-breathing system is similar to the partial rebreathing mask, where it has an additional series of one way valves and it delivers about 60-80% FIO2 with a flow rate 10L/min. Review and findings of different oxygen therapy studies: A systematic review of two different published Journals indicated that the usage of additional oxygen when managing acute myocardial infarction arrived at the same result: that there is no significant benefit when oxygen therapy is administered while being assessed with air breathing (Cabello 2010) and it may in fact be damaging which results in greater infarct size and higher mortality rate (Wijesinghe 2009). Although a number of smaller studies could clarify the reviews, none of the original studies could reach a statistically substantial result ( Atar 2010); this stresses the need to provide data that validates the requirement for further analysis. Studies to support this have already been started, where The AVOID (Air Versus Oxygen In Myocardial Infarction) study is presently hiring patients to resolve this critical medical question (Stub 2012).Actual clinical trial data suggesting the effects of varied inspired oxygen levels are even more inadequate in acute ischemic stroke. It is proposed that oxygen therapy may be beneficial if administered within the first few hours of commencement, however it has also been observed that with continued administration, it may induce harmful results (higher 1-yr mortality) (Ronning 1999). In a survey of group study where more than 6,000 patients were case studied following resuscitation from cardiac arrest , hyperoxemia ( defined as a PaO2 > 300 mm Hg (40 kPa),the results obtained were considerably worse than both normoxemia (60-300 mm Hg (8to 40kPa) and hypoxemia (PaO2 There is also no robust proof for the postulation that an increased PaO2 is interrelated with improved long-term survival in critically ill patients( Young JD2000).A reflective study where more than 36,000 patients were considered and arterial oxygenation was administered while being mechanically ventilated, signs of a biphasic relationship was observed within a span of 24 hours between PaO2 and in-hospital mortality(De 2008).The average PaO2 level found was 99mm Hg, yet the foundation for unadjusted hospital mortality was just below 150mm Hg. A very similar study of more number of patients was conducted in Australia and New Zealand and this resulted in a report recording a mean PaO2 of 152.5mm Hg, indicating supraphysiological levels of oxygenation, with 49.8%of the 152,680 group was categorised as hyperoxemic PaO2>120mmHg(Eastwood , 2012). In contrast to the Dutch study, even though hypoxemia was associated with elevated mortality, after an adjustment of disease severity, a progres sive association between progressive hyperoxemia and in-hospital mortality could not be linked together effectively. (Martin 2013). The assumption that patients with hypoxemia secondary to ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) respond positively to elevated arterial oxygenation reinforces many studies done in this field (McIntyre 2000). Nevertheless, data from clinical trials in patients with ARDS seem to disregard this assumption as frequent oxygenation and long-term outcome have a disconnection (Suchyta 1992). And the studies that report a correlation arterial oxygenation and mortality, a systemic review of 101 clinical studies in ARDS patients came to the conclusion that P/F ratio was not such a reliable predictor (Krafft 1996). Thus a more intense study was conducted to compare the supplementary oxygen therapy with no oxygen therapy in normoxic patients with ST Segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Oxygen therapy has been known to be only universally used for the initial treatment of patients with STEMI which is based on the belief that the additional oxygen may increase oxygen delivery to isc hemic myocardium and hence reduce myocardial injury and is supported by laboratory studies done by Atar in 2010. The adverse effects of supplementary oxygen therapy were noted from a meta-analysis of 3 small, randomized trials as done by Cabello in the same year. More recently, another analysis was done by comparing high concentration oxygen with titrated oxygen in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction which found no difference in myocardial infarct size on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (Ranchord 2012). Hence, there are no studies that assess the effects of supplemental oxygen therapy in the setting of contemporary therapy for STEMI, specifically acute coronary intervention. With these reports and analysis put together, we can safely deduct that there remains a substantial amount of uncertainty over the usage of routine supplemental oxygen in uncomplicated Acute Myocardial Infarction, with absolutely no clear indication or recommendation for the level of oxygen th erapy in normoxic patients in the STEMI guidelines. More recently, another analysis was done by comparing high concentration oxygen with titrated oxygen in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction which found no difference in myocardial infarct size on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (Ranchord 2012). The annual congress of European Society of ICU (2016) states that patients dying in the ICU was lowered by 9% while using conservative oxygen strategy as compared with the conventional one(JAMA 2016). METHODOLOGY Firstly the terms method and methodology needs to be differentiated. Method is a process used to collect and examine the data whereas methodology includes a philosophical inquiry of the research design as stated by Wainworth (1997). It is vital that the suitable methodology needs to be analysed in carrying out the research question and in assembling the data (Matthews 2010). Research Methodology is a way to find out the result of a given problem on a specific matter or problem that is also referred as research problem (Jennifer 2011). In Methodology, researcher uses different criteria for solving the given research problem and always tries to search the given question systematically in their own way to find out all the answers till conclusion. If the research does not work systematically on the problem, there would be less possibility to find out the final result. For finding or exploring research questions, a researcher faces lot of problems that can be effectively resolved while us ing a correct research methodology (Industrial Research Institute, 2010). This research proposal was done under the systematic review method because it provides a very comprehensive and clear way of assessing the evidence (Chalmers 2001). Also it lowers error and bias and establishes a high standard of accuracy (Jadad, 1998). Healthcare providers, researchers, consumers and policy makers are overwhelmed with the data, evidence and information available from healthcare research. It is unlikely that the all this information is digested and used for future decisions. Hence a systematic review of such research will help to identify, assess and synthesize the information based on evidence needed to make those critical decisions. (Mulrow 1994). There are a number of factors for choosing systematic review for this study. A systematic review is generally done to resolve mismatched evidence, to verify the accuracy of current practice, to answer clinically unanswered questions, to find changes in practice or to focus for the need for any future research. Systematic reviews[AD1] are increasingly being used as a preferred research method for the education of post graduate nursing students (Bettany- Saltikuv, 2012). One of the best resources available on the conduct of systematic reviews of interventions is the Cochrane Collaboration (Tonya 2012). As defined by the Cochrane Collaboration (Higgins Green, 2011[AD2], Pg 6); A systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question. It uses explicit, systematic methods that are selected with a view to minimizing bias, thus providing more reliable findings from which conclusions can be drawn and decisions made. The aim of a systematic review is to incorporate the existing knowledge into a particular subject or regarding a scientific question (British Journal of Nutrition (2012). According to Gough et al (2012) a systematic review is a research method that is undertaken to review several relevant research literatures. Systematic reviews can be considered as the gold standard for reviewing the extensive literature on a specific topic as it synthesises the findings of previous research investigating the same or similar questions (Boland et al 2008). Using systematic and rigorous methods systematic reviews are often referred to as original empirical research because they review primary data, which can be either qualitative or quantitative (Aveyard Sharp 2011). Over the past years, various standards have been evolved for portraying systematic reviews, staring from an early statement called the QUOROM guidelines to an updated widely accepted statement called the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) (Moher et al, 2009). While there are many differences in how each author approach a systematic review and there is no universal approach on one methodology for conducting review. However there are a set of fundamental set regarding the report of systematic reviews that authors are recommended to follow (Tonya 2012). METHODS SEARCH STRATEGIES: The selection of relevant study is based on two concepts: sensitivity and specificity (Wilma 2016).The purpose of the literature search is to identify existing published research in the particular area of interest to assist the researcher to clarify and specify the research question, and to identify whether the research question has been answered. The search of the literature must be strategic and systematic, and informed by a documented strategy. Search strategies have two major considerations: search terms, and databases. Some of the most common and beneficial search strategies used in systematic reviews are using the database of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), hand searching, Grey literature which contains unpublished studies, clinical trials and ongoing research on the trials. Contacting an expert and extracting information is another useful method. The internet provides access to a huge selection of published and unpublished database. Studies can also b e found by referring the reference lists of the available published data. The database that have been referenced in this paper have been searched, collected and for extraction from the vast base of Northumbria [AD3]University accessible Journals. Journals from Medline, Ovid, ELSEVIER, PubMED and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Journal of the American Medical Association( JAMA), newspaper articles from CHEST, Intensive Care Medicine ,CLOSE and ANZICS Clinical trial group, Resuscitation, Critical care journal, (all of the selected journals from the databases was validated as peer reviewed journals) were reviewed for this paper. INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA The inclusion of unpublished and grey literature is essential for minimizing the potential effect of publication bias (Cochrane Corner 2007). If systematic reviews are limited to published studies, they risk excluding vital evidence and yielding inaccurate results, which are likely to be biased as always positive results (Alderan 2002). The inclusion criteria should consider gender, age of participants, year(s) of publication and study type. For this review purpose, as conventional and conservative oxygen therapy studies are the primary research questions, patients aged 18 years or older and admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with an expected length of stay of 72 hours or longer were considered for inclusion. Exclusion criteria also need to be justified and detailed and papers may be excluded according to paper type (such as discussion papers or opinion pieces), language, participant characteristics, or year(s) of publication. For the exclusion criteria, patients under 18 years, pregnant patients, and those who were readmitted in ICU, patients with DNACPR (do not actively resuscitate) and neutropenia or immunosuppression and the patients on who more than one arterial blood gas analysis was performed in 24 hours. STUDY SELECTION For the purpose of this research proposal the literature selected are based on Randomized Clinical Trials of conservative oxygen therapy methods and conventional (traditional) [AD4]oxygen therapy methods used in ICU and some systematic reviews of effective oxygen therapy in ICU, if they met the inclusion criteria. The controlled clinical trials provide the most appropriate method of testing effectiveness of treatments (Barton 2000). Observational studies on effect of hyperopia on post cardiac arrest are also reviewed. These studies can help to determine whether conservative oxygen therapy can help increase mortality among critically ill patients. PREPARATION FOR DATA EXTRACTION Data will be[AD5]extracted from the studies and grouped according to outcome measure. The data extraction tools should be used to ensure relevant datas is collected, minimise the risk of transcription errors, allow accuracy of data to be checked and serve as a record of the data collected. The data collected for extraction should be validated against evidence. It is necessary to extract the necessary studies and data that will help in resolving the research question which involves analysing different studies and a preferred way of methodology that reduces errors and bias. QUALITY ASSESSMENT Cochrane risk of bias tool (Higgins2011) will be[AD6]used for the assessment of risk of bias in estimating the study outcome. For the better outcome of this review involved few randomized clinical trials, some observational studies and pilot RCT studies for comparison among various methods. Quality assessment is given special importance because of the inclusion of RCT and non-RCT methodology (Eggers et al 2001). And only quality studies that satisfies the inclusion, exclusion and data requirements, validity and no bias and studies that are needed to answer the research question are carefully selected. SYNTHESIS STUDIES Synthesis helps to summarize and connect different sources to review the literature on a specific topic, give suggestions, and link the practice to the research (Cosette 2000). It is done by gathering and comparing evidence from a variety of sources when there is conflicting evidence or limited number of patients or large amounts of unclassified data. Systematic reviews of RCTs(Randomized control Trial) encompass the most strong form of clinical evidence (Sheik 2002) and occupies the highest layer in the hierarchy of evidence-based research, at the same time qualitative case studies and expert opinions occupy the lowest layer (Evans 2003 and Frymark et al 2009). RCT helps to understand the differences data among various studies (For Example, the studies considered here, conventional versus Conservative Oxygen therapy methods). RCT is the most applicable study used in assessing the results of an intervention, because it limits the effects of bias when performed correctly. (CRDs Guide 2009). It also easier to understand and any observed effect is easily contained to the treatments being compared. (Stuart 2000). The favourable results of an RCT lies with the methodology domain followed in the trial and it reviews its practicality which helps healthcare professionals, clinicians, researchers, policymakers and guideline developers to apply and review the effectiveness of the trials and tests. For example, if a study overestimates the effects of an intervention, it concludes wrongfully that the intervention works; similarly if the study is underestimating the effects, it wrongfully reflects that there is no effect to that study. This is where RCTs stands out, where minimum bias and evidence is the basis of such a study (According to Cochrane reviews). Hence this is why RCTs form the gold standard of comparison studies while questioning effectiveness of different interventions while limiting bias. As an example, groups that are randomly assigned are different from groups that follow criteria in the sense that the investigator may not be aware of certain attributes that they might have missed. It will also be likely that the two groups will be the similar on significant characteristics using chance. It is possible to control the factors that are known but randomisation helps to control the factors that are not known, which drastically reduces bias. Therefore assigning participants in other study designs may not be as fair and each participant may vary in characteristics on main standards. (Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2017) The observational studies or non-randomised studies can be argumentative as the choice of treatment for each person and the observed results may cause differences among patients being given the different types of treatments. (Stuart 2000). ETHICAL CONSIDERATION A systematic review is the scientific way of classifying the overabundant amount of information existing in research by systematically reviewing and accurately examining the studies concerning a particular topic. But in doing so, topic of ethics is hardly questioned. This will have some major downsides as some systematic reviews may have studies with ethical deficiencies, which in turn lead to the publication of an unethical research and such research is susceptible to bias. Systematic review does not automatically give the updated approval for an original study. Hence systematic reviews that are methodically and ethically assessed will have better ethical and methodological studies overall (Jean et al 2010). If an original study does not mention the ethical issues, it does not automatically mean that the studies in original papers avoided those ethical concerns and may indicate a lower risk (Tuech 2005).A primary rule for publishing articles is that redundant and overlapping data sh ould be avoided or needs to be cross-referenced while making the purpose clear to the readers in an unavoidable case. (Elizabeth et al 2011). Plagiarism is clearly unacceptable and care should be taken care to not replicate other peoples research work and the original words and data needs to be acknowledged as a citation or quote. A responsible publisher should follow the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) flowchart that explains suspected plagiarism (Liz 2008). It is also important to give information on funding and competing interests. The Cochrane Collaboration (2011) has very strict rules about funding and it is important to give reasons why the author may or may not be neutral or impartial on the review prepared and it relates to financial support, while competing interests can be personal, academic or political (WAME Editorial Policy and Publication Ethics Committees 2009). REFLECTION The objective of systematic reviews is to translate the results to clinically useful and applicable information while meeting the highest methodological standards. They offer a very useful summary of the present scientific evidence on a particular domain which can be developed into guidelines on the basis of such evidence. However, it is imperative that practitioners understand the reviews and the quality of the methodology and evidence used (Franco 2012). This study proposes to find the systematic review approach of conservative and conventional oxygen therapy methods used among critically ill adult patients in ICU. Incidentally, a RCT study by Susan (2016) found that the strategy of conservatively controlling oxygen delivery to patients in ICU results in lower mortality than the conventional and more liberal approach whereby patients are often kept in a hyperoxemic state.
Monday, August 19, 2019
Critical Analysis of Darkness at Noon by Harold Krents Essay -- Darkne
Critical Analysis of Darkness at Noon by Harold Krents In "Darkness at Noon", Harold Krents vividly describes some of the everyday prejudices disabled citizens must face. Presented in an often humorous fashion, the author opens the reader’s eyes to the cruel ironies of society’s preconceived and inaccurate judgments, and their long reaching effects on his life. Krents begins his essay by pointing out to the reader that he cannot see himself, and thus, often has to depend upon the viewpoints of others. He states: "To date it has not been narcissistic." The average reader may not be aware that the word "narcissistic" means, "Excessively in love with oneself." It is helpful for the reader to keep this first observation in mind as he continues through the article, and hears Krent’s descriptions of society’s viewpoints. Krents points out three particular judgments that are often passed on him by the public. "There are those who assume that since I can’t see, I obviously cannot hear" then, "†¦others know that of course I can hear, but believe that I can’t talk" and finally "The toughest misconception of all is the view that because I can’t see, I can’t work." It is surely an unfortunate irony, that the disabled citizen must not only deal with his own burdens, but also, the imaginary ones placed upon him by society. Krents supports his statements using appealing illustrative stories with effective imagery. Krent’s chooses to use words which are effective, and relay a definite scene to the reader. Some examples are: "†¦enunciating each word very carefully", "..if the dread word is spoken, the ticket agent’s retina will immediately detach†¦"and "†¦my saint-like disposition deserted me†¦I finally blurted out†¦" He creates i... ...is not even present. Krent’s other recollections are also effective. They all work together to demonstrate the unfounded fears and misconceptions of some members of society. Krent’s mistake is attributing the opinions of a misled few to those of the entire nation. Although the reader is moved by Krents many stories and examples, the lack of objectivity in the essay leaves the reader with doubts. Krent’s theme - that if handicapped persons were viewed fairly their disability would be not be apparent- is one that the reader is aware of and wants to believe in. Yet, Krent’s own pessimistic tones overshadow the greater good. The reader is left with the unpalatable feeling that this essay may be nothing more than a very unconfident and dissatisfied man, attempting to pin his disappointments and failures on society, so that he may feel better about himself.
Preserving the Fall :: Personal Narrative Nature Seasons Papers
Preserving the Fall Starts with a photograph, a frame of reference. Steve seems deeply meditative, sitting cross-legged, hands exploring some invisible blade of grass, plucking some wildflower blossom from its stem. Eyes downcast, content, absorbed in this task of dissecting nature, shredding it. Curved back, sunlight painted onto the sleeve of his sweater, the sweater I borrowed to go hiking in the Sierras, both of our knobby joints contributing to its decay around the elbows, gray, true to its color even in black and white. He was warm that day, I imagine. The background: Middle Run–the largely unexplored natural area of Newark, DE–again. It is a field here, used in some months to grow straw, but is flanked by forest, contained by it. I would always come here on Sunday afternoons, looking for adventure, recruiting one or two friends to be the subject of my photography. I never tired of this game, of making the hike to that hidden field, of placing people in that context, nestled among bales of hay, stiff grass, those horizons, sudden leaps from sky to straw, straw to trees. Transitions. Changes. Weekend to weekday, human to nature, past to future. The cornfields there remain unexplored territory. I understand that they are part of an experiment, that the University of Delaware agricultural science department studies these plants’ genes, breeds them, cross-pollinates. They hope to find the perfect stalk of corn, the highest yielding, the most nutritious kernels. I too must experiment, must search out something of greater quality. Certain seasons find the corn healthy, tall and strong. Productive. They give this place a sense of life, hope. At other times, only wilted stalks remain, consumed by the threat of decay, crackling the sounds of death, of loss and cold beneath heavily traipsing feet. This many dead plants are arresting, an assault to the visual sense and sense of gravity, of time, one I would like to capture in a photograph. I have come to this place in all seasons, have thrown snowballs, run barefoot in the grass here. But I always picture it in Fall, associate it with cyclical death. It is strange to love, to come back to this time the most, strange to find solace in the thoughts of leaves falling, disintegrating, of declining temperatures, shortening days, and the stark emptiness of the suddenly and awkwardly naked forest.
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Is Subliminal Advertising Effective? Essays -- essays research papers
Is Subliminal Advertising Effective? The average American views an average of 1500 ads every single day! Did you know that some of these ads have hidden pictures, words, or even sound inside of them? These hidden things are called subliminal messages. When used correctly, these hidden messages have been proven to persuade us to do certain things. What are Subliminal Messages? Subliminal messages are things that are stored inside of our subconscious. They are known as are hidden messages because we have no knowledge of the things inside our subconscious. The subconscious is one part of our brain. We are not aware of the things inside our subconscious part. However, our subconscious remembers every single detail of every single thing we see! It works just like a computer because it views information (ads), and stores it into our memory (brain.) Some examples are: †¢Ã‚     a small image(s) hidden inside a larger picture †¢Ã‚     a audio message hidden inside a cassette tape †¢Ã‚     hidden messages inside songs that you hear when you play it backwards †¢Ã‚     hidden words or pictures that quickly appear inside a television show, movie, or commercial In order for these items to be subliminal or "hidden" messages, they must not be noticeable to the human eye or ear. Our subconscious effects us on a daily basis. In fact, it is responsible for the following: †¢Ã‚     little slips of the tongue †¢Ã‚     unexplainable actions or thoughts †¢Ã‚     ideas, songs and memories that suddenly "pop" into our heads In the Beginning: Subliminal messages have become a very powerful way to get your message out to the public. It all started in 1957 when James M. Vicary created an "invisible commercial" for a movie theatre. This "invisible commercial" contained several brief messages that were hidden inside of one main message. For example, during the main commercial the words "Drink Coca-Cola" and "Hungary? Eat Popcorn" would flash on the screen. These interruptions would occur every five seconds, and they would last for 1/3000th of a second. These brief food and beverage interruptions were not noticeable to the viewers. However, the people that watched these commercials had an unexplainable urge to eat popcorn and drink coca-cola. Overall, popcorn sales increased 57.5% and drink sales increased 18.1%. People were outraged when they heard about th... ...ble teach people who would have been almost impossible to reach any other way. Subliminal messages are also inside tapes to help people quit smoking and lose weight. These tapes have proven to be very effective. Unfortunately, people don't always stop smoking after listening to these tapes, but they do smoke less than they used to. Conclusion Subliminal messages are a very, very powerful marketing tool. They can be used to persuade us to feel or do may different things. However, the effects of subliminal messages are short term. The only exception to this short term effect occurs when the subliminal messages are teaching us to do or not to do something. Here is a list of websites with examples of subliminal ads. Sources: "Subliminal Messages Alive and Well" komar.cs.stthomas.edu.qm425/fisher3.htm Butler, S. Ron, "subliminal advertising: return of the hidden persuaders" disinfo.com/pages/dossier/id321/pg1/ "The Effects of Subliminal Advertising" uoguelph.ca/~mbateson/subliminal.html Thomas, Chris "Subliminal Perception" cbt.wiu.edu/John_Drea/subliminal_perception.htm Leroux, Kivi "Subliminal Messages" emagazine.com/july-august_1999/0799curr_subliminal.html Is Subliminal Advertising Effective? Essays -- essays research papers Is Subliminal Advertising Effective? The average American views an average of 1500 ads every single day! Did you know that some of these ads have hidden pictures, words, or even sound inside of them? These hidden things are called subliminal messages. When used correctly, these hidden messages have been proven to persuade us to do certain things. What are Subliminal Messages? Subliminal messages are things that are stored inside of our subconscious. They are known as are hidden messages because we have no knowledge of the things inside our subconscious. The subconscious is one part of our brain. We are not aware of the things inside our subconscious part. However, our subconscious remembers every single detail of every single thing we see! It works just like a computer because it views information (ads), and stores it into our memory (brain.) Some examples are: †¢Ã‚     a small image(s) hidden inside a larger picture †¢Ã‚     a audio message hidden inside a cassette tape †¢Ã‚     hidden messages inside songs that you hear when you play it backwards †¢Ã‚     hidden words or pictures that quickly appear inside a television show, movie, or commercial In order for these items to be subliminal or "hidden" messages, they must not be noticeable to the human eye or ear. Our subconscious effects us on a daily basis. In fact, it is responsible for the following: †¢Ã‚     little slips of the tongue †¢Ã‚     unexplainable actions or thoughts †¢Ã‚     ideas, songs and memories that suddenly "pop" into our heads In the Beginning: Subliminal messages have become a very powerful way to get your message out to the public. It all started in 1957 when James M. Vicary created an "invisible commercial" for a movie theatre. This "invisible commercial" contained several brief messages that were hidden inside of one main message. For example, during the main commercial the words "Drink Coca-Cola" and "Hungary? Eat Popcorn" would flash on the screen. These interruptions would occur every five seconds, and they would last for 1/3000th of a second. These brief food and beverage interruptions were not noticeable to the viewers. However, the people that watched these commercials had an unexplainable urge to eat popcorn and drink coca-cola. Overall, popcorn sales increased 57.5% and drink sales increased 18.1%. People were outraged when they heard about th... ...ble teach people who would have been almost impossible to reach any other way. Subliminal messages are also inside tapes to help people quit smoking and lose weight. These tapes have proven to be very effective. Unfortunately, people don't always stop smoking after listening to these tapes, but they do smoke less than they used to. Conclusion Subliminal messages are a very, very powerful marketing tool. They can be used to persuade us to feel or do may different things. However, the effects of subliminal messages are short term. The only exception to this short term effect occurs when the subliminal messages are teaching us to do or not to do something. Here is a list of websites with examples of subliminal ads. Sources: "Subliminal Messages Alive and Well" komar.cs.stthomas.edu.qm425/fisher3.htm Butler, S. Ron, "subliminal advertising: return of the hidden persuaders" disinfo.com/pages/dossier/id321/pg1/ "The Effects of Subliminal Advertising" uoguelph.ca/~mbateson/subliminal.html Thomas, Chris "Subliminal Perception" cbt.wiu.edu/John_Drea/subliminal_perception.htm Leroux, Kivi "Subliminal Messages" emagazine.com/july-august_1999/0799curr_subliminal.html
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Case Study Ryanair and Virgin Atlantic
Case Study Coursework LEADERSHIP and ORGANISATIONS BABA SDL 2012-13’B’ Virgin Atlantic and Ryanair This case examines two organisations that have many similarities as well as a number of significant differences. The essential technology and systems behind each organisation may be very similar, but the nature and style of management and its consequent impact on the way people working in these organisations think, feel and behave have created very different organisational cultures.So what are the similarities and what are the differences? The most obvious similarity is that both Virgin Atlantic and Ryanair operate in the UK passenger air transport industry. Both are relatively recent creations and might be seen as new entrants to the sector: Virgin's air transport business was founded by Richard Branson in 1984 and Michael O'Leary took over as Chief Executive at Ryanair, a small Irish airline which had been founded as Guinness Peat Aviation in 1985 (Creation, 2004).Both s tarted life in competition with major national flag carrier airlines (British Airways and Aer Lingus respectively) and grew to be major challengers to these established companies. As they grew, their scale of operations brought them into competition with a much larger number and range of airlines operating from the UK: Branson's Virgin Atlantic competes with some major US and other intercontinental companies such as American Airlines and United Airlines; O'Leary competes with the likes of Flybe and EasyJet in the short-haul market.Both Branson, who was born in 1950, and O'Leary, who is ten years younger, are individuals with strong and distinctive personalities, who have a relentless appetite for media presence and who make extensive use of themselves in their frequent marketing communications. They engage in advertising stunts, readily appear on the news media in relation to stories about the industry, and their faces and personalities are easily associated with their companies. Ch arting different courses There are, however, some major differences. First, they differ in their choice of markets.Virgin's air transport business originated in the long-haul, mainly transatlantic market which might be highly profitable but is also extremely competitive. As the business grew, offshoots were founded as independent companies; for instance, Virgin Blue in Australia and Virgin Express which has its hub in Brussels and serves European destinations outside the UK and does not compete directly with Ryanair. Ryanair started as a short-haul carrier and has remained so, focusing on European destinations from a small number of airports in the UK and Eire. The two companies' competitive positioning is also very different.Ryanair is well known as ‘The Low Cost Airline'; the first thing that hits you in its publicity material is the price and this is very clearly the core of its business strategy (Ryanair website). The ‘no frills' approach means just that: even the in -flight food is limited to sandwiches and costs extra. Virgin, by contrast, attracts passengers by offering a superior experience and is firmly positioned at the quality end of the market: Publicity material emphasises style and comfort, and there is a range of in 1/4 Case Study Coursework LEADERSHIP and ORGANISATIONS BABA SDL 2012-13’B’ light extras which, even at the economy end of the price range, includes in-flight food and drinks and packs of ‘amenities' such as flight socks, eye shades and lip balm. As was noted, both men love publicity stunts and often use humour in their public communications. Branson is usually smiling and in poses which indicate fun and a desire to show close links with his staff and popularity with employees, customers and the public in general. O'Leary is much more likely to be acerbic, critical and uses what might euphemistically be called ‘colourful' language in his public statements.He seems to care little about public opinio n of him as an individual and has been in trouble with the advertising standards authorities in the UK and Eire on more than one occasion for ‘offensive' adverts that have upset people from British Airways (who were accused of being ‘Expensive ba * * * * ds' in an Evening Standard advert in 1999) and the Catholic Church (the ‘Fourth Secret of Fatima’ advert of 2000 featured the Pope) (Creation, 2004). The brand values are also very different. Virgin as a collection of businesses does everything from running trains, manufacturing contraceptives and cosmetics o offering financial services. All these enterprises are linked by the single powerful central image of the founder and the characteristic red livery; Ryanair does one thing and one thing only, but in doing so sets an almost buccaneering tone, readily taking on authorities such as the European Union over competition policy and the British Airports Authorities over charging practices. Branson has certainly had his conflicts with British Airways, notably over the ‘dirty tricks' affair of the early 1990s, but is not likely to challenge governments.Virgin tries hard to build customer loyalty and gain repeat business through brandrelated service values; Ryanair's repeat business (and for some customers the Ryanair experience is one which inspires the thought ‘never again') is on price, not loyalty to the brand. These differences have a significant effect on the nature of employment relations and the psychological contract between the two companies and their employees. Working for Richard and Michael Each company's brand image and treatment of customers have a bearing on the nature of organisational relationship with staff, and vice versa.Aspects of organisational behaviour therefore show through in a variety of interconnected ways to create consistent and very different cultures. At Virgin Atlantic, cabin crew are there to be helpful and welcoming; they are important projecto rs of the brand image and their job is partly to encourage the allimportant customer loyalty which generates continuing profit. The importance of staff as carriers of company values is clearly reflected in the recruitment material and other statements about the nature of work at Virgin Atlantic.Virgin Atlantic brings together all manner of people in all manner of roles, all playing a crucial role in the smooth running of a very complex operation. But whoever you are and wherever you join us, you'll never stop thinking of our customers and what 2/4 Case Study Coursework LEADERSHIP and ORGANISATIONS BABA SDL 2012-13’B’ we can do for them. From frontline cabin crew to IT analysts, everyone here plays a role in delivering the Virgin brand. That means using initiative, taking responsibility for your actions and being ready to support those around you at all times.Similarly, you'll play your part in maintaining the friendly, unconventional professionalism that makes Virgin A tlantic such a unique place of work (Virgin Altantic website). The recruitment process is lengthy and includes a group interview which acts as a filter for further tests before job offers are made. Training programmes for cabin crew and other staff are run from a dedicated training centre, and there is a wide range of benefits for full-time staff including seven free flights a year, private pensions and medical schemes and discounted goods and services across the Virgin group.At Ryanair, the cabin crew work for a supplier organisation called Crewlink. You can discover whether you qualify to apply for a job by answering a series of 11 on line questions. Successful applicants for cabin crew posts are trained at one of Crewlink's centres and are expected to pay an up-front charge of â‚ ¬1,200 for the fiveweek course (or with a â‚ ¬400 deposit it can be offset against initial year's salary at a total cost of â‚ ¬1,300). Students are not paid to attend the course; successful gra duates get a three-year contract with Crewlink to work on Ryanair flights on a shift-work basis.Ryanair crew are not expected to make overnight stops at its destinations. Post-tax starting salary is listed as being ? 1,100 per month (? 13,200 pa); Crewlink suggests that after the initial three years, and subject to satisfactory performance, a permanent job with Ryanair itself might be available at a salary of up to ? 25,000 pa. Staff must be flexible in terms of their work location across the 15 European centres and Crewlink does not guarantee work if individuals specify a preferred work location (Crewlink website).By comparison with long haul, a short-haul operation involves very tight turnaround times and Ryanair aims for 20 minutes. This creates a very different pace and set of pressures on the workforce compared with those at Virgin, which is likely to have higher staffing levels and to give crew longer rest breaks in the destination locations between flights. The nature of cust omer relations, by contrast, might be more demanding at Virgin than at Ryanair – staff and customers are together for longer and the brand image must be maintained.Complaints and horror stories can be found about work at both organisations; however, Ryanair is subject to a more systematic and organised campaign of criticism for its employment practices by trade union organisations. In particular, the International Transport Workers' Federation has run a major campaign on its website since 2004 called ‘Ryan-be-fair', the purpose of which is to pressurise the management at Ryanair into accepting the role of trade unions in representing the workforce.It collects comments from disgruntled crew and former workers which give a flavour of the operational stresses and organisational culture. Both organisations have been successful – Ryanair has turned in significant profits for several years in a sector which is prone to disruption and financial loss and which has seen a number of brands disappear (Buzz, Go and Debonair) (BBC, 2005). Virgin also continues to go from strength to strength commercially. But the cultures and values which get them off the ground could hardly be more different (BBC, 2006). /4 Case Study Coursework LEADERSHIP and ORGANISATIONS BABA SDL 2012-13’B’ References Creation, S. (2004) Ryanair – How a Small Irish Airline Conquered Europe. Arum Crewlink website www. crewlink. ie International Transport Workers’ Federation website www. iftglobal. org Ryanair website www. ryanair. com Virgin Atlantic website, Working for Us, http://www. virginatlantic. com/en/gb/careers/workingforus/index. jsp BBC News articles: News website: www. news. bbc. co. k Profits Jump at Virgin Atlantic (27 May 2005) Ryanair Profits Jump on Hot Spots (1 August 2006) Question: Using relevant leadership and organisational theory, explore the impact of organisational features and external environment influences on the leadership and management styles and performance of Richard Branson and Michael O’Leary. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of their leadership approaches in their specific context with their specific set of strategic challenges. (1500 words) Closing date: 1st April 2013, submit on StudyNet by 23. 30 UK time 4/4
Friday, August 16, 2019
Hospitality Industry Essay
Hospitality Industry is now-a-days, one of the major industries in many countries of the world. This comprises operation of hotels, motels, resorts, guesthouses, rest houses, picnic and recreation spots etc. while industrialists, businessmen, professionals, working people and of course tourists are the principal customers. In fact in many countries, hospitality industry is the principal source of foreign exchange earning. Tourism indicates touring activities by local inhabitants and foreign visitors throughout the country. In order to develop tourism many preconditions have to be fulfilled, such as proper infrastructure, abundant, cheap and secured commuter facilities road, rail, water and air abundant, cheap and secured staying places viz. hotels, motels, resorts etc. furnished with recreational and entertainment facilities; abundant and secured tourist spots viz. historical places, beaches, parks, waterfalls, lakes, rivers, hills and hill tracts etc. and lastly a peaceful political and administrative atmosphere in the country. Hospitality industry and tourism are closely related, one cannot thrive without the development of the other. Hospitality industry cannot march forward without the foreign visitors and tourists, the local inhabitants form only a portion of the customers. Foreign exchange cannot be earned without influx of tourists and visitors from abroad. On the other hand tourism cannot thrive without first constructing the hotels, motels, resorts, guesthouses etc. So the two sectors are very closely interdependent. National infrastructure and facilities: No country can develop without necessary infrastructure viz roads, highways and bridges; sea ports and airports; rivers and coastal waters worth navigation; airways and rail roads etc. These infrastructures are essential and should adequately connect the trade-centres as well as all important spots and resorts worth visitation by tourists and the local people.
Thursday, August 15, 2019
A&P vs Araby
In this essay I hope to show differences between John Updike’s A&P and James Joyce’s Arbay. Some of the things are that both of the authors talk about the same idea of a young boy’s growth for their adolescences. These boys need a lot more experience with the real world this comes with time, age and also experience. What is it like for Sammy to grow up with his parents and arbay to grow up with his aunt and uncle? In these essays what would you do if you were in the same situation as these boys? How do these boys need to grow up and mature?Or do you think that their actions might be a little overboard Even though John Updikes’s and James Joyce differ in stories they both are talking about the same type of situation two boys that are growing up from their different situations from their adolesonces. This common ground becomes clear through the way both of the authors wrote their essays. In John Updike’s essay Sammy Works for A&p when he saw a group o f girls come into the store while he was working right away he judged them on what they were wearing and how they looked not even to stop to think about anything about there personality’s.In James Joyce’s essay the author refers to the girl of his his dreams as Megan’s sister? What is her name does he know anything about her. You can see where these stories are starting to one another to relate to one another. In John Updike’s essay A&P Sammy Is telling the story from his perspective witch makes the essay less interesting in my opinion. On the Other hand with James Joyce’s essay Arbay he is a little bit more Experienced and very articulate with his words witch makes the essay more interesting.Sammy from A&P has become very aggravated at his job because the customers are very inconsiderate for many different reasons: As he mentions â€Å"She’s one of the these cash register witches†(227). That gave him hell beause he rang up a box of Hiho crackers two times by mistake. Sammy really got aggravated after that incident happened at work I think that really started to get him aggravated at that point he was really starting to think rationally and not in a mature manner. We see the author and main character of Araby as he battles with his adulthoodEmotions as he tries to understand his feelings towards Megan’s sister every morning He follows her but hardly speaks to her Still â€Å"her name was like a summons to all my Foolish blood†(227). He is still a boy, since he is too scared to approach her but dealing With adult feelings which he does not understand? His anger is shown at the end of the Story, since the bazaar is closed and there is nothing he can get for her and he says â€Å"he Sees himself as a creature driven and derided by vanity†This again shows the battle ofHormones as he sees his feelings being based on how he can impress Megan’s sister. Both boys are going through growing into adulthood differently in their stories Sammy being at the A&P sees his store as the average place where the boring, ugly Average people go the girls he sees come in represent a fantasy of his the better Merchandise that is better than average the main character of Araby also has a fantasy But in his turn to adulthood he tries to buy the girl of his dreams an object Therefore, It’s a subject shown as the boys are growing into adulthood it is frustrating to bothSince the boy in Araby is unable to attain anything for the sister, and Sammy sees the Merchandise at A&P as average and meaningless anyway Vanity is frustrating because a lot of girls like physical things and gifts from boys and for the boy in Araby he is not able to get this and therefore has failed in being able to impress the girl Sammy sees the A&P as not being good enough for the bathing suit girls which maybe why he decides it is not good enough for him either. One thing I want to point out is that in A&P we see the difference between omeone in adulthood and someone growing into it While Sammy wishes to see the girls in their bathing suits that come into A&P, his manager scolds the girls, telling them they have too little clothing Sammy here represents one side of pre-adulthood, where in his mind the girls are better than the average woman who shop in A&P, the ones who are â€Å"house slaves in pin curlers†and â€Å"women with six children and varicose veins mapping their legs†(64).His manager is the other side well into his adulthood who sees the girls as being indecent, and even says something about the next time they will ave to come in â€Å"with their shoulders covered†(64) Sammy is so angered at this he quits which shows the level of emotion in the theme of growing into adulthood His Hormones have gotten the best of his reason and he acts upon his emotions. Although there are definite differences in â€Å"Arabay†and â€Å"A&P,†we see the sam e theme of growing into adulthood in both stories This is not an easy task Both Sammy and the boy from Arabay find themselves frustrated as they go through their thoughts Sammy is concerned with quality which is something he sees little of in theA&P, in both his judgment of the A&P and women that usually are shopping in it The author of Arabay is also concerned with quality on a different level He hopes to get a good present for his friend’s sister that is the girl he is feeling his adulthood directed on. He is unhappy when he comes to the bazaar, and sees that most of the things are gone and he is unable to provide something to the girl of his dreams that satisfies him. In both stories the boys share a common frustration with their feelings and change in attitudes, which show the inner turmoil of hormones, and their progress to adulthood.
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