African American History and Women Timeline 1860-1869

African American History and Women Timeline 1860-1869 [Previous] [Next] Ladies and African American History: 1860-1869 1860 established in 1832 and tolerating male and female, white and dark understudies, by 1860 Oberlin College had an understudy populace that was 33% African American 1861 Occurrences in the Life of a Slave Girl, personal history of Harriet Jacobs, was distributed, including depictions of the sexual misuse of female slaves Laura Towne, from Pennsylvania, went to the Sea Islands off the bank of South Carolina to encourage the previous slaves she ran a school in the Sea Islands until 1901, receiving a few African American kids with her companion and showing accomplice, Ellen Murray 1862 Charlotte Forten showed up in the Sea Islands to work with Laura Towne, showing previous slaves Mary Jane Patterson, moving on from Oberlin College, was the principal African American lady to move on from an American school Congress canceled subjection in Washington, DC (July 16) Ida B. (Wells-Barnett) conceived (muckraking columnist, instructor, dissident, against lynching essayist and lobbyist) (July 13-17) numerous New York African Americans slaughtered in draft riots (September 22) Emancipation Proclamation gave, liberating slaves inside an area constrained by the Union 1863 Fanny Kemble distributed Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation which contradicted subjugation and filled in as abolitionist bondage purposeful publicity Journal of Old Elizabeth a Colored Woman distributed: collection of memoirs of an African Methodist Episcopal evangelist Susie King Taylor, African American armed force nurture with the Union armed force, started thinking of her diary, later distributed as In Reminiscences of My Life in Camp: Civil War Nurse Mary Church Terrell conceived (extremist, clubwoman) 1864 Rebecca Ann Crumple moved on from the New England Medical College, turning into the main African American lady M.D. 1865 bondage finished in the United States with the section of the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution  American Equal Rights Associationâ founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Frederick Douglass, Lucy Stone, and others, to work for equivalent rights for African Americans and ladies the gathering split in 1868 over which gathering (ladies or African American men) should take need  Charlotte Fortenâ published Life on the Sea Islands about her showing encounters as an African American northerner who went south to show previous slaves sculptor Edmonia Lewisâ produced a bust of Robert Gould Shaw, who drove dark soldiers in the Civil War (Walk 9) Mary Murray Washington conceived (teacher, organizer of the Tuskegee Womans Club, spouse of Booker T. Washington) (April 11) Mary White Ovingtonâ born (social laborer, reformer, NAACP organizer) (- 1873) numerous ladies instructors, medical attendants, and doctors went toward the South to help previous slaves by establishing schools and offering different types of assistance, as a major aspect of the Freedmens Bureau exertion or as evangelists with strict or increasingly common associations 1866 President Andrew Johnson vetoed financing for and augmentation of the Freedmens Bureau, however Congress abrogated the veto  Old Elizabethâ died 1867 Rebecca Cole moved on from clinical school, the second African American lady to do as such. She proceeded to work with Elizabeth Blackwellâ in New York.  Edmonia Lewisâ created design Forever Free conveying the reaction of African Americans when they knew about the finish of subjugation (July 15) Maggie Lena Walkerâ born (broker, official) (December 23) Sarah Breedlove Walker (Madam C.J. Walker) conceived 1868  14th Amendmentâ to the US Constitition allowed US citizenship to African American men just because unequivocally characterizing US residents as male. Perspectives towards the significance of this change split the American Equal Rights Association inside the year. A lot later, the fourteenth Amendment turned into the reason for variousâ equal protectionâ cases supporting for womens rights. Elizabeth Keckley, dressmaker and friend of Mary Todd Lincoln, distributed her autobiography, Behind the Scenes; or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House sculptor Edmonia Lewis produced Hagar in the Wilderness 1869 biography Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her Peopleâ by Sarah Bradford distributed; continues subsidized a home for the older established by Harriet Tubman  National Woman Suffrage Associationâ founded (NWSA), with Elizabeth Cady Stantonâ as first president (November) American Woman Suffrage Association established (AWSA), with Henry Ward Beecher as first president [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1910-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

Gene Therapy Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedical Genetics

Quality Therapy: The New Vaccine Dynamic This examination paper subtleties what quality treatment is and what it is (and possibly will be) utilized for. It likewise portrays the quality treatment strategies and conveyance techniques that have been clinically tried or potentially confirmed by researchers and the thoughts that animate movement in the field in the race to consummate quality treatment techniques and their application, just as telling about the beginnings of its clinical testing and where this maturing innovation is going. At last, it talks about one final inquiry: Is quality treatment the immunization of things to come? RESEARCH Quality treatment is a biotechnological method that has as of late gained critical jumps of ground in the realm of logical research. The speculations behind its utilization have made numerous new objectives and thoughts in scientists’ psyches, and there is a lot of chance for disclosure in the field. There are two kinds of hereditary innovation that are as of now being looked into for application in clinical testing and for the fix of certain hereditary infections in people: substantial cell quality treatment, and germ-line treatment. Substantial cell quality treatment is an advancement that might dispense with an inherited disease’s impacts in a patient through the infusion of hereditary material that would fill in for a nonfunctional quality, adjust an irregular one in the patient’s chromosomes, or trade the faulty quality for another, completely working one (www.ornl.org). Germ-line treatment would be utilized comparatively in embryos’ germ cells, however would have the extra impact of the flawed gene’s perpetual destruction so it couldn't be given to future relatives. There are likewise various kinds of substantial cell quality treatment. In vivo quality treatment, the most well-known in clinical testin... ...entists will make numerous progressive disclosures. With this new innovation being inquired about, there’s no telling when the innovation will be idealized. Who knows? Some time or another soon, quality treatment could even be something as ordinary as inoculation. Catalog: 6 Friedmann, The Development of Human Gene Therapy http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medication/genetherapy.shtml http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BA/Gene_Therapy_Overview.html http://asgt.org/news_releases/basics.html http://www.fda.gov/fdac/highlights/2000/500_gene.html http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/quality (G.T. for Cancer) http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/346/16/1185 (Ex Vivo for X-SCID) http://asgt.org/news_releases/06022005a.html http://genome.gov/13014325 Reilly, Abraham Lincoln’s DNA and Other Adventures in Genetics Turksen, Adult Stem Cells 7

US News World Report Just Save Your Wrist Watch.

US News World Report… Just Save Your Wrist Watch. My grandfather was from Milledgeville, Georgia. He was a simple man who was known for his crazy sayings and no nonsense demeanor. He had little patience or tolerance for anything that wasted his time. Whenever he got tired of listening to us complain about a particular topic, hed simply raise his left arm high over his head and point to his watch with the index finger of his right hand. All 17 of his grandkids knew what this meant: Im already up to my neck in BS, I just want to save my wrist watch. This week that Juggernaut known as US News World Report (USNWR) released its rankings and MIT fell to the number 7 slot, tied with CalTech. Im not going to bother complaining about the well-known problems associated with the USNWR rankings; my fellow blogger and colleague Ben Jones did a terrific job handling my light work. Instead, lets spend this time examining the lesser-discussed problems of these surveys; how these surveys fail to address criteria important to underrepresented students searching for colleges. Should there be rankings? ABSOLUTELY! If I were to create a minority-based ranking of colleges, here are some of the questions that Id ask: How diverse is a campus? What is the climate on campus? What support systems exist on campus for minority students? How effective are these systems? How is success measured? Can minority students easily and comfortably participate in minority and majority activities? Are there minority organizations designed to foster professional development and mentorship? What are the graduation and retention rates for minority students, as compared to majority students? What is done to assist with social and cultural adjustments to campus? (Can I get my dreads done? Can I get ethnic food? Is there a decent radio station?) How do minority students relax? Will I be accepted if none of my clothes are from Abercrombie Fitch? Im willing to bet that not one of my questions is considered in the USNWR rankings. For that matter, you might not even be interested in the answers to some of them. Thats okay theyre my questions. I guess what Im trying to say here is: create your own rankings based on your criteria of whats important in a college. This whole process is about you picking the best college for you. For many of you I know your first instinct will be to take my list, and fire back all those questions to me about MIT. Instead, I hope that you will bypass me and go straight to the sources. Find the experts the primary sources, the students and student groups/organizations. Your peers will always let you know whos grimy and what programs are trife. Youve heard enough from me What do you think? Is my list tight? What would you add or subtract? (I need to end this because Ive used all of urban vernacular (slang) that I know!)

Full Body Scanners Do Not Lead to Safer Travel Essay

Why should anyone including my 3-year-old daughter unnecessarily be exposed to cancer causing X-ray beams in a full body scanner? Or have a total stranger run his or her hands up and down my daughters body for a full pat-down upon refusing the scan? Most enraging is that the scan can be done without my knowledge. Full body scanners should not be used in United States airports. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA), on November 20, 2010 implemented the use of 385 scanners, otherwise know as advanced imaging technology in 68 airports to include Denver International Airport. The TSA is using these machines supposedly to ensure safer travel and be steps ahead of security threats. According to the TSA, as a preventive measure,†¦show more content†¦The two types of scanners currently being used by the TSA are backscatter imaging technology and millimeter wave imaging. The backscatter imaging is an X-ray beam bounced off the skin. Millimeter wave imaging bounces of elect romagnetic waves off the skin as well. Being that both technologies do not penetrate the body, explosives hidden in body cavities or surgically implanted, go completely undetected (Heasley 1). Since the technologies being used only bounce waves of the body surface, this leaves then skin highly exposed to concentrated amounts of radiation. Health side effect studies of full body scanners have been labeled classified and inaccessible to the general public. Four professors from the University of California- San Francisco, whom are well respected cancer, X-ray crystallographers and imaging experts stated in a letter to the Obama administration that, â€Å"The low-energy rays do a â€Å"Compton scatter† off tissue layers just under the skin, possibly exposing some vital areas and leaving the tissues at risk of mutation. When an X-ray Compton scatters, it doesn’t shift an electron to a higher energy level; instead, it hits the electron hard enough to dislodge it from its at om.† The authors note that this process is â€Å"likely breaking bonds,† which could cause mutations in cells and raise the risk of cancer (Johnston). Furthermore, the UCSF researchers write in their letter, â€Å"older passengers are more susceptible to mutagenic effects of X-rays, and â€Å"the risk ofShow MoreRelatedAirport Security Research Paper1462 Words   |  6 Pagesairport safety procedure was implemented as a way to ensure the safety of the United States. The implemented procedures over the years included a check and scan of all carry on and checked baggage, body scans, hire government airport employees, and a strict list of carry-on items. This made travelers feel safer as it decreased the ability of terrorist to commit vicious acts of violence. Over the years, airport security has become more stringent and traveling now has become a huge inconvenience as wellRead MoreA Day That Changed The World s Opinion On The Safety Of Air Travel1217 Words   |  5 Pages10/17/14 Invitational Speech Introduction I. September 11 was a pivotal day that changed the world’s opinion on the safety of air travel. A. If surveyed pre 9/11, the average person would have said they felt airport security was adequate. B. However, 13 years later the security debate continues as to whether we do enough to protect the passengers, or if flying is any safer than it was before the terrorist attack. II. Everyone wants flying to be safe, but the question is what is each person willingRead MoreTerrorism Has Plagued The World2529 Words   |  11 Pageswith higher security levels with tighter security measures as the threat to jetliners remains constant. These changes have not been more apparent than in the United States. With the creation of the TSA in November 2001, one of their first changes to travel policy was for passengers to show up at least two hours early to ensure there was enough time for the newly reformed security measures. While carry-on luggage was sent through an x-ray machine and passengers through metal detectors, passengers andRead MoreAviation Insecurity : Why The Tsa Doesn t Do Its Job3361 Words   |  14 Pagesthe TSA Doesn’t Do Its Job In our time, the Transportation Security Administration is an integral part of airports in the United States. One cannot simply travel on a plane without going through the metal detectors or taking off his or her shoes. For many travelers, the TSA is a hassle. However, some treat it as a necessary evil. They believe that the presence of the TSA is needed to offset the vulnerable state of airports. The Transportation Security Administration is fails to do its job in servingRead MoreHave We Come As Far As We Thought?1893 Words   |  8 Pageseasier for him to hide from the police because he had others to back up his case and plead him not guilty. Relating back to September 11th, the terrorist that are already in the United States know the cause and effect of their actions which in turn, leads to a more meticulous, and deadly plan that puts more people at risk. After September 11th, the entire country was in complete shock and all they had on their mind was revenge. In response the United States raided Pakistan in search of OsamaRead MoreThe Transportation Security Administration Is An Integral Part Of Airports3306 Words   |  14 PagesIn our time, the Transportation Security Administration is an integral part of airports in the United States. One cannot simply travel on a plane without going through the metal detectors or being instructed to take off his or her shoes to check for bombs. Many travelers regard the TSA to be a hassle, as it adds hours into the process of boarding a flight. Some treat it as a necessary evil; they believe that the presence of the TSA is needed to offset the vulnerable state of airports. However, theRead More History of FedEx Essay2994 Words   |  12 Pageswidely publicized accidents in the ocean off of Florida, Aeromarine was in decline, and was also turning the financial community against investmen ts in airline enterprises. Americans remained skeptical about air travel, and while not as fast as planes, ground transportation was much safer. There were no strong objections however to improving an existing government service. So it happened that organized air transport in the U.S. started with flying the mail. And the way the early airmail serviceRead MoreThe Technology Development Of Autonomous Cars10514 Words   |  43 Pagesclear day time. This situation causes the reaction time of the driver to increase substantially, affecting the safety operation of the vehicle. The device is a Thermographic Camera that forms an image using an infrared radiation emitted by heated bodies such as animals or pedestrians.3 TOYOTA The main goal on automation for Toyota Motor Company, the japanese auto giant is not a fully autonomous vehicle as their president Seigo Kuzumaki â€Å"Toyota’s main objective is safety, so it will not be developingRead MoreManaging Business Activities to Achieve Results10122 Words   |  41 PagesManaging business activities to achieve results Introduction: There are three sectors of the economy which are public, private and voluntary sector. I have chosen to do research on Royal mail they are they are the largest postal service up to date and has a long history of postal service dating back to the 18th century which is why I will do research on Royal Mail for the public sector along with John Lewis for the private sector. Task 1 Assessment Criteria 1.1 Evaluate the inter-relationship betweenRead MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 Pagesmentioned before. If more contacts are needed they can be found by using the means stated in the sources part of the research. The excel file gives furthermore general information about private insurance companies and an overview of how many people do have which mental disorder in Germany. In the report the promotional part gives an overview of means to use regarding the target groups being looked at by Brainquiry. The final report of the Netherlands consist of following parts: excel files, explanation

If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Writing an Abstract for a Research Paper

If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Writing an Abstract for a Research Paper Make certain that all the elements of a fantastic abstract are included in the subsequent one you write. Keywords ought to be added in a distinct line following your abstract. Do not refer to any names, if you're not positive that they're generally well-known. Be certain the abstract has all you needno more, no less. Whether you prepare abstracts supply a quick document that. Don't be shocked if you find they also happen to have some of the greatest abstracts you've seen! Abstracts make it possible for readers who might be interested in a lengthier work to swiftly decide whether it's worth their time to read it. In the end, it can be invaluable to read published abstracts from the previous meeting and to converse with prior presenters to receive a feeling of the kinds of abstracts that are accepted. Summarizes the ideal essay ought to be sure you include an abstract is, research paper. Ideally, you need to focus on introducing facts and making sure a reader will secure the obvious picture of the topic presented by means of your research paper. The abstract is the sole area of the paper that readers see when they search through electronic databases including PubMed. Attempt to write a couple of sentences summarizing each part of your paper. Review abstract is a quick overview of a whole analytical project. Abstracts are essentially the overview of your lookup work. Abstract of a research paper is a brief overview of a whole analytical project with detailed info about its objects and results. Only a reader with a rather specific interest in the topic of the paper, and a need to understand it thoroughly, will read the whole paper. There isn't anything more important than being sure your paper is unique. Start writing the abstract only once you finish the research paper. Writing a good research paper starts with compiling an excellent thesis statement. The Hidden Facts About Writing an Abstract for a Research Paper You briefly describe that which you have found out in the duration of your research and the way your argument was supported (or not). The abstract is the sole portion of the paper a possible referee sees when he is invited by means of an editor to review a manuscript. If your abstract doesn't grab their attention and create an excellent first impression, there's a great chance your paper is going to be rejected initially. When writing the abstract, be certain to incorporate the important terms. As previously mentioned, the abstract is the sole region of the paper that the huge majority of readers see. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that you find yourself getting an excellent grade. To ensure it is credible it ought to be consistent and reader friendly. Alternatively, you must determine what a prospective reader would want to know more about the work. Your thesis abstract is the very first thing people read if you're searching for research papers. The abstract, on the flip side, is likely a comparatively new endeavor. Writing an abstract is among the main skills for researchers who are prepared to talk about their work. An abstract isn't a review, nor does this evaluate the work being abstracted.

Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period Free Essays

Introduction. ?Kerala has a unique Geographical position. ?Kerala has a rich culture and is the meeting point of many types of ideologies, Ideas and religious views. We will write a custom essay sample on Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now ?Travelers, merchants and rulers visited kerala and influenced its History. ?Story Behind the birth Of Kerala. ?Parasurama the 6th Incarnation of Lord Vishnuthrew an axe far into the sea and commanded the sea to retreat. ?The land that emerged from the waters became Kerala. ?From where does the term kerala come from ? ?Sanskrit scholars derive the name from â€Å"Kera or coconut†,which is a staple product of kerala. Others say it is derived from the Tamil word â€Å"Charal† meaning Mountain slope. ?Arab and Persian writers and early Malayalam and medieval Tamil Literature say that the word kerala means the land of hills and mountains. Traditional sources. ?Early history of kerala is based on traditions. The two major sources are : ? Archaeological Sources. ?Archaeological survey and excavations were started in Kerala by Ward and Conor in 1819. ? there are 3 relics of the Historical period found in the various parts of Kerala. They are : 1. monuments 2. coins 3. inscrip tion. ?Monuments. 1. Stone images of Buddha, reflect the culture of kerala during the Buddhist era. 2. Religious monuments : Temples , Churches, Mosques and Synagogues. 3. Palaces – famous Padmanabhapuram palace in Kanyakumari district and Dutch palace in Fort Cochin. 4. Forts and historical sites. ?Coins. ? Many foreign and indigenous coins have been found in kerala. †¢ Rast is the oldest of them. †¢Roman coins are the oldest Foreign coins. †¢Rulers of Travancore and Cochin Had their own independent coinage. †¢Dutch copper coins and British Indian Coins give valuable information to historians. ?Inscriptions . Throw light on the political,Cultural, and social life of the People of Kerala. 2. Give insight into working conditions of local assemblies, how temples were managed, Relationship between the landlord and tenant and functioning Of educational institutions. 3. Some inscriptions testify the liberal policy of religious tolerationfollowed by the ancient rulers of Kerala. ?San gam Age(1-500 A. D. ) ? Sangam Literature was composed, In which the Works of poets and writers threw light upon cultural, economic, political, Social and other aspects of the kingdoms of the South. Through these works we get to know what happened during the first 500 years of Christian Era : I. there was monarchy and patrilineal system of succession, II. Women were well educated and had a good position in society, III. Monogamy was the norm, widow remarriage was permitted, Child marriage was not there. ?No division of society into high and low castes,there was no untouchability, ? Rice was the staple food, people had no restrictions regarding beef eating and other non-veg items. Rice-wine was a popular drink. ?It was rare to find Brahmins though some were there as Aryan Brahmins in the royal court. Agriculture was a major occupation and due to trade with countries like Rome, they flourished as a prosperous set of people. Post Sangam Period (500-800 A. D. ) ?Main rulers of this peri od were Cheraman Perumal and Kulasekara Alwar. ?The former became a Vaishnavite Poet and the latter accepted Islam and went to Mecca. ?Adi Shankara (788-820 A. D. ) lived and propogated the Advaida philosophy during this period. ?After the creation of Kerala it was believed that Parasurama planted sixty-four joint Brahmin Families and gave them rules which would govern them. The Brahmins invited rulers called â€Å"Perumals â€Å" to rule them and each ruler was appointed for a period of 12 years to rule over them. The Kollam Epoch (800-1200A. D) ?Politically Kerala was under the Cholas and Pandyas. †¢A temple was constructed at almost every town and village in Kerala †¢ the Quilon calendar was introduced during this time in 25 July 825 A. D. ? Festivals like onam and vishu came to be celebrated. ? The 9th century A. D. saw Malayalam growing as a distinct language. ? Educational institutions like â€Å"Salai† came into existance. ? This period also saw the grow of trade and commerce. There was trade between China and Kerala. ?Tenant system was prevalent whereby the feudal lords enjoyed life at the cost of the poor tenants. ?Sales and tax on vehicles fetched a revenue for the state. ?Ravi Varma Epoch (1200-1500 A. D) ? During this period the land relations showed certain important features : ? Increase of intermediaries as temporary holders of land. ?Increased measures to expand cultivable land and enhance income from land. ?The emergence of cash money in obtaining land rights. ?Traditional landowners held the right of ownership of land. ?Pledging of land of debt on interest. Agriculture was the main occupation. ?There were other occupations like ritual-cum-medicine men, astrologers, washer men and so on. ?There was growth of trade and trading centres; ?Trade was at 3 levels : ?Transport system was essential for trade and in this context there were many boats, ships; even bridges over waterways was essential. ?Portugese Rule In Kerala. ?Polit ical authority was fragmented by the time the Portuguese came to kerala. ?In 1498, Vasco-do-Gamma reached Kappad near Kozhikode. ?Portugese, was the first to achieve a stronghold in Kerala ? A number of battles were fought between the provincial rulers and the Portugese. In 1524 Gamma was appointed the Portugese viceroy of Kerala. ?Apart from commerce, they were also interested in imparting their faith to the people. ?Many people were forced to convert. ?In 1550’s , St. Francis Xavier converted many fisher folk and other socially backward sections along the coastal regions of southern Kerala. ?The chiefs in the state (except the Muslims to whom the Portuguese were hostile) did not resist the conversion as long as they had freedom to do trade and commercial activities and the economic fabric of society was not disturbed. The Portuguese used their own tactics of divide and rule policy for fulfilling their commercial interests in the state. ?New towns had risen and old towns decayed. eg. Calicut, Cochin, Chaliyam gained importance while Quilon and Cranganore languished. ?Crops like cashewnuts, tobacco, custard apple, guava, pineapple and papaya were introduced. ?Gunp owder increased the importance of artillery. This brought unemployment among the Nairs who were well trained in swords and shields. †¢They established seminaries and colleges in Cochin, Angamali and Cranganore. For gtting Christian priests. †¢St. Francis Xavier translated Catechism into Malayalam. †¢Fearing ?The Dutch in Kerala. ?Dutch East India Company was established in the year 1592. ?In 1604 they came to the Malabar coast. ?There was rivalry btw Cochin and Kozhikode during that time and they took advantage of this situation. ?However like the Portuguese their involvement in the local politics was minimal. ?However they had conflicts btw Marthanda Varma of Thiruvithankur and Samuthiri of Kozhikode. ?The Dutch had the main power over the Trade activities. ?Pepper and spices were exported by merchants only after the consent of the Dutch people. They constructed forts and factories here like the Portuguese. ?They sold Indonesian spices and sugar to those ships which were going to Cochin. It turned out to be a success. ?But this didn’t last for long as it declined from 1783 and was completely stopped by 1793 due to poor demand. ?Conclusion ?The History of kerala is very essential part of the heritage of the state and country as well. ?If we study History well then we would know about the real background in which our state developed through the years. ?We can also see the contrasting practices that were in vogue during the ancient and medieval and the present kerala society. How to cite Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period, Essay examples

Whos Home And Native Land Essays - Production Economics

Who's Home And Native Land? Over the past decades, Aboriginal people (the original people or indigenous occupants of a particular country), have been oppressed by the Canadian society and continue to live under racism resulting in gender/ class oppression. The history of Colonialism, and Capitalism has played a significant role in the construction and impact of how Aborignal people are treated and viewed presently in the Canadian society. The struggles, injustices, prejudice, and discrimination that have plagued Aboriginal peoples for more than three centuries are still grim realities today. The failures of Canadas racist policies toward Aboriginal peoples are reflected in the high levels of unemployment and poor education. Presently, the state shapes the construction and social reproduction of racism, racialization, and sexism as experienced by Aboriginal people in Canada. Colonialism is a process by which European power takes control over and dominates and exploits an indigenous group by appropriating their land and resources, extracting their wealth, and using them as cheap labor. In Canada, the British evaded the Aboriginals (indigenous people), with their vision of creating a capitalist society. The vision was to have Aboriginal people produce commodities off their own land in return for goods. -Thus began slavery in Canada. Sometimes, merchant capital often had to use force to transform pre- capitalist societies in order to introduce commodity relations and production. It was important to merchant capital that the existing pre-capitalist relations of production be reinforced and perpetuated in order to guarantee the required production of goods. Traditional relations of production continued, not in their independent form, but as a new form of relations of production incorporated into capitalist relations of exploitation. (Bourgeault, 43). The British were interested in the production and circulation of fur as a commodity in the world market and were in need of labor. The Indians were the only available source of skilled labor, so they became part of the production process. From Colonialization, Capitalism came which resulted in the disintegration of communal and egalitarian societies that the indigenous created, which in turn, became the exploited labor force in the commodity production. European ethnocentrism and racism also affected patterns of Aboriginal socialization. Since most whites viewed all aspects of indigenous life to be culturally and morally inferior, missionaries made efforts to eliminate the egalitarianism customs of Aboriginal societies and to promote the norms of the dominant European patriarchal society. The perceived differences between men and women led to cultural genocide. Capitalism is an economic and social system that focuses on pursuit of profit. It has also involved the presence of exchange of goods for money or other goods, and the organization of production and distribution of goods . One example of this is the Hudsons Bay fur trade. The fur trade of the Hudsons Bay basin initially transformed the indigenous communal societies in order to exploit Indian labor in the commodity production of fur (Bourgeault, 41). Capitalism uses market relations (including class relationship) Capitalism centered in the Red River Colony, class and race divisions established intensified. The conflict between the indigenous bourgeoisie aligned with other Indian and Metis producing classes and the British merchant class over the accumulation of capital .. (Bourgeault, 42). Capitalism could be seen as the dawn of active racism and segregation. When British colonies invaded in Native people of Canada, the classification of humans into race types was begun causing the e xploitation of the indigenous. The Aboriginal people were eventually turned into slaves so that the colonies would gain more profit. They were also segregated and put into their own communities to learn their new patriarchal life. Racialization is the idea that race relations do not exist, but focuses on why certain relations between groups become defined by reference to race. Racialization refers to patterns of interaction that reflect perceptions of biological differences to account for differences and similarities. It also entails the idea that certain ideas or activities become linked with race. Aboriginals are racialized by Canadians, in that they are invested with negative biologically determined attributes that are seen as creating problems, posing a threat to society, and providing unwanted competition for scarce resources. In the seventeenth century, fur and land would be considered to be a threat to wanted scarcities by the British and their